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Copyright 2011, Kahler Communications Oceania Ltd.
Content copyright 2011 Kahler Communications, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Assessment of Base and Phase:

  • To assess Base type, listen to the Communication Channel, Perception and DRIVER the person uses most often.
  • To assess Phase type, listen to what motivates them and how they motivate others. The mask behaviours (2nd degree) observed most often are indicative of Phase type.

Needs:

  • Get Phase needs met in order to move the elevator.
  • Get YOUR own needs met first.
  • Arrange to get your needs met on a daily basis. It's up to you to get your needs met.

Distress:

  • If needs are not met positively, we attempt to get them met negatively.
  • A person is always OK, behaviours are sometimes not OK.
  • Masks invite masks.
  • Masks indicate contaminated thinking.
  • If you see a DRIVER, offer the Channel and Perception that correspond to that Driver, whether Base or Phase.
  • If you see a MASK, feed the need(s) that correspond to that Mask, whether Base or Phase.

What we want to achieve with PCM:

  • We communicate at Base, and we motivate and resolve conflict at Phase.
  • Everyone has a preferred way to communicate and specific psychological needs that need to be taken care of positively.
  • If the Channel and Perception we offer another person are not accepted, they will advertise what we should offer next by showing us their Base Driver behaviour.
  • If our psychological needs are not met positively our elevator is stuck at our Base.
  • If we don't get our needs met positively, we attempt to get them met negatively. By doing this we start to show Driver, Mask or even 3rd degree behaviour.
  • The descent into Distress is predictable, sequential and measurable.
  • The goal is to keep our battery charged so that we can keep the elevator moving and have the ability to access the floors above our Base to communicate with other people and thus prevent Distress.
  • Using the appropriate Channel and Perception, as well as meeting the needs positively, results in battery charges, motivation and cooperation.
  • By offering battery charges we instantly build rapport, win motivation and cooperation, and prevent and/or resolve conflict.
Perception
Character Strengths
Traits
Parts they show / to use
Channels to use
Environmental Preferences
Interaction Styles
Psychological Needs
Drivers
Masks

Harmoniser:

Emotions

Thinker:

Thoughts

Persister:

Opinions

Imaginer:

Reflections / Inactions

Promoter:

Actions

Rebel:

Reactions / Likes and dislikes

Harmoniser:

Compassionate, sensitive, warm

Thinker:

Logical, responsible, organised

Persister:

Dedicated, observant, conscientious

Imaginer:

Imaginative, reflective, calm

Promoter:

Adaptable, persuasive, charming

Rebel:

Spontaneous, creative, playful

Harmoniser:

Ability to nurture and give to others. Good at creating harmony.

Thinker:

Ability to think logically. Takes in facts and ideas and categorises them.

Persister:

Ability to give opinions, beliefs and judgements.

Imaginer:

Ability to be introspective. Works well with things, tasks. Usually very skilled when working with their hands.

Promoter:

Ability to be firm and direct.

Rebel:

Ability to play and enjoy the present

Harmoniser:

Comforter

Thinker:

Computer

Persister:

Computer

Imaginer:

They show: Computer

You use: Director

Promoter:

Director

Rebel:

Emoter

Harmoniser:

Nurturative

Thinker:

Requestive

Persister:

Requestive

Imaginer:

Directive

Promoter:

Directive

Rebel:

Emotive

Harmoniser:

In groups

Thinker:

With one or two other people

Persister:

With one or two other people

Imaginer:

Alone

Promoter:

Moving from group to group

Rebel:

Moving from group to group

Harmoniser:

Benevolent

Thinker:

Democratic

Persister:

Democratic

Imaginer:

Autocratic

Promoter:

Autocratic

Rebel:

Laissez-faire

Harmoniser:

  • Recognition of person
  • Sensory

Thinker:

  • Recognition of work
  • Time structure

Persister:

  • Recognition of work
  • Conviction

Imaginer:

  • Solitude and direction

Promoter:

  • Incidence (lots of action in a short time)

Rebel:

  • Contact and fun

Harmoniser:

I have to Please You

Thinker:

I have to Be Perfect (for you)

Persister:

You have to Be Perfect (for me)

Imaginer:

I have to Be Strong (for you)

Promoter:

You have to Be Strong (for me)

Rebel:

I have to Try Hard (for you)

Harmoniser:

Drooper: I'm not OK, you're OK

Thinker:

Attacker: I'm OK, you're not OK

Persister:

Attacker: I'm OK, you're not OK

Imaginer:

Drooper: I'm not OK, you're OK

Promoter:

Blamer: I'm OK, you're not OK

Rebel:

Blamer: I'm OK, you're not OK

Harmoniser
Thinker
Persister
Imaginer
Promoter
Rebel

Compassionate

sensitive

warm

  • Caring, harmonising, comforting
  • Natural desire and ability to give to other people
  • Good at connecting and communicating with people
  • Family, workmates, friends - relationships are important
  • Need to have a loving environment and to feel unconditionally accepted
  • Need sensory stimulation
  • When not feeling loved/appreciated as a person, invite criticism by making mistakes and acting like a victim through self-deprecating behaviour, and become confused

Logical

responsible

organised

  • Task oriented, self starting
  • Interested in getting the facts, data, having a plan, being accomplished
  • Ability to be logical and analytical and categorise information
  • Causal problem solver
  • Need to have their accomplishments and achievements recognised
  • Need time structure and plans for projects and life
  • If not getting sufficient recognition for their hard work and achievements, or unable to structure their time, start to over-control, attack others for not thinking clearly, and become frustratedly angry.

Dedicated

observant

conscientious

  • Values, opinions, stick-to-itiveness are important
  • Believe in missions - have most likely a mission to make this world a better place (no matter what)
  • Are loyal, committed and principled
  • Internally motivated, dedicated to helping other people to achieve
  • Strive for meaningfulness
  • Need recognition of the importance of their hard work, commitment and convictions
  • If they believe their opinions are not valued, start to preach at others and attack their beliefs, become self-righteous or distrustful

Reflective

imaginative

calm

  • Easy-going, have a calming effect on others
  • Ability to be introspective, associative thinking
  • Externally motivated by a task or directive rather than taking the initiative
  • Ability to stay at a monotonous task
  • Outside inputs inspire thoughts/ideas that may or may not be a response to a given task
  • Need 'alone time', e.g. solitary activities to let mind ponder
  • Start to withdraw when not given precise directions or enough privacy. If this continues, start to feel like a victim.

Adaptable

persuasive

charming

  • Action oriented, streetwise
  • Ability to be direct and firm, make things happen
  • Like challenges, competitions
  • Strive for supremacy
  • Strive for meaningfulness
  • High energy levels, motivated by immediate gratification
  • Need a lot of excitement in a short period of time
  • When not experiencing enough exciting action or able to show initiative, become manipulative, vindictive and create negative drama.

Spontaneous

creative

playful

  • WYSIWYG ('What you see is what you get') - energetic, free spirit
  • Use creativity to solve problems, good at thinking outside the box
  • Ability to enjoy the present, live for 'now'
  • Have to learn through experience - learning by doing
  • Need stimulating, playful contact and environments
  • When not having enough playful interactions, or not able to use their creativity, become negative, complain, make 'Yes, but...' suggestions, and become vengeful

Essentials

Perception, Character Strengths, Traits => Typical words/phrases

How to Communicate (Base)

Channel, Part, Interaction Style, Non-verbal signals

How To Motivate (Phase)

Needs, Preferred Environment, Action Plan

1st Degree of Distress

Driver, Signals and Behaviour, What to do

2nd Degree of Distress

Masks, Signals and Behaviour, What to do

Perception

Emotions - experience people and things through feelings about them


Character Strengths

Compassionate, sensitive, warm


Traits

Ability to create a harmonious atmosphere, easily connect with people, good at building and maintaining relationships. Genuinely care about other people, would rather give than take. Usually skilled communicators.


Typical Words and Phrases

  • "I feel..."
  • "I'm glad to see you"
  • "I care about you"
  • Happy, sad, love, understand, take to heart, sense (words that express feelings)
  • Touch, embrace, scent, mood, atmosphere, ambience (words that appeal to the senses)


How to communicate with a Harmoniser (Base):

  • Nurturative Channel: inviting the other person to feel cared for. Empathy, support, acknowledgement of the other person.
  • Tone: soft, gentle, soothing, caring, warm

Harmoniser's attitude: I enjoy our relationship when we exchange feelings


How to do it - examples:

  • "Thank you for coming. I'm glad you're here."
  • "I remember the lovely music and soft colours used in that movie."
  • "I'm so sad to hear about your loss."

Part to use when addressing a Harmoniser:

Comforter: warm, nurturing - addressing the other person's emotions


Non-verbal signals:

Warm, gentle, accepting and smiling expression. Relaxed and open posture, extending forward with palms up.


Interaction / Environment:

Create team situations in which they feel comfortable. Using their good communication skills, they get everyone else involved by encouraging and supporting them.



How to motivate a Harmoniser (Phase):

  • Recognition of person: accept the person just the way they are, without conditions or strings or performance required
  • Sensory: sensory stimulation (smells, sounds, tastes, sights, touches) are not just pleasant physical phenomena, but a psychological battery charge

Interaction / Environment:

Create team situations where they feel comfortable. Using their good communication skills, they get everyone else involved by encouraging and supporting them.


Examples of Harmoniser motivators:

  • Building and maintaining relationships with family, friends and workmates
  • Feeling appreciated as a person
  • Photos of loved ones / plants and flowers
  • Bringing people together, using their communication skills
  • Making home/office comfortable, adding a personal touch
  • Being pampered, taken care of (massages, hot baths, lovely meal, etc.)
  • Enjoying the beauties of nature


Driver:

I have to please you to be worthwhile


When you see/hear a Harmoniser:

  • overadapting, behaving indecisively
  • showing submissive body language
  • using nondescript words like "maybe/kinda/you know"

Typical phrase:

  • "Oh, could you maybe, sort of, say that again?"

Use NURTURATIVE Channel and FEELINGS:

  • "We're so lucky to have you on our team."
  • "I appreciate your help with this difficult team situation."
  • "You're such a lovely person; I appreciate your feelings."


Mask:

Drooper: I'm not OK, you're OK


When you see/hear a Harmoniser Drooper mask:

  • making 'silly mistakes'
  • showing a lack of assertiveness/self-doubt and thus inviting criticism
  • acting like a victim, putting self down

Typical phrase:

  • "Oh, it must be all my fault. I know it, I know it's me."

Feed the need for RECOGNITION OF PERSON and SENSORY:

  • (Husband to wife) "You are very important to me. I love you."
  • "Everybody on this team cares about you."
  • "It's OK to be sad. I'm here for you."


Perception

Thoughts - interact with environment by collecting and analysing data, drawing logical conclusions and evaluating the consequences


Character Strengths

Responsible, logical, organised.


Traits

Ability to think logically, categorising data and information. Causal problem solvers, good at planning projects and structuring time. Task oriented, self-motivators, take responsibility seriously.


Typical Words and Phrases

  • "I think..."
  • "What are the facts/options?"
  • "What's the reference for that?"
  • "The data suggests..."
  • What, when, who, where?
  • Information, numbering, data, enumerations, time, date, numbers, lots of questions


How to communicate with a Thinker (Base):

  • Requestive Channel: exchange of clear, crisp information or question/answer
  • Tone: monotonic, emotionless

Thinker's attitude: Would you discuss my plans and ideas with me?


How to do it - examples:

  • "There are three efficient ways to approach this problem."
  • "When was the last management meeting?"
  • "The fee is based on overall usage this month."

Part to use when addressing a Thinker:

Computer: requesting, fact finding to process information and synthesise ideas


Non-verbal signals:

Expressionless, erect posture, few gestures


Interaction / Environment:

Create one-on-one situations where they can focus on a task. Allow for democratic group processes, which encourage goal-oriented decision-making.



How to motivate a Thinker (Phase):

  • Recognition of work: acknowledge quality of hard work and achievements
  • Time structure: be on time, have a plan/agenda/discussion items, give goals and time frames

Interaction / Environment:

Create one-on-one situations where they can focus on a task. Allow for democratic group processes, which encourage goal-oriented decision-making.


Examples of Thinker motivators:

  • Prioritising tasks and recognising accomplishments
  • Making agendas for meetings
  • Setting goals and time frames, making 'To do' lists
  • Discussing ideas with others
  • Being on time
  • Playing sports where they can enjoy achieving, like golf
  • Structure time to work and to be with family and friends


Driver:

I have to be perfect to be worthwhile


When you see/hear a Thinker:

  • not delegating well ("I'll do it myself")
  • thinking for others, taking on too much responsibility
  • making complicated, overqualified statements
  • showing pressured, rigid body language
  • using fillers: "to me, personally.../that is to say.../what I mean is..."

Typical phrase:

  • "I think, personally speaking, that this task - which, by the way, the boss assigned to me - is more of a challenge, relatively speaking..."

Use REQUESTIVE Channel and THOUGHTS:

  • "What are the top priorities for this project?"
  • "Can you explain your ideas about the project's time line?"
  • "What do you think would be the most logical course of action?"


Mask:

Attacker: I'm OK, you're not OK


When you see/hear a Thinker Attacker mask:

  • becoming frustratedly angry about fairness, money, order or responsibility
  • being critical of others for not thinking clearly, short tempered
  • verbally attacking from a 'you' position

Typical phrase:

  • "You are so stupid! Why don't you ever use your brain? Do I have to do everything myself?"

Feed the need for RECOGNITION OF WORK and TIME STRUCTURE:

  • "Thank you for pointing that out. What other options do you think are relevant for me to consider?"
  • "I appreciate all the hard work you've put into this project."
  • "Your project plan is impeccable as usual. Can you present it in our next meeting?"


Perception

Opinions - evaluate people and things through their belief system


Character Strengths

Dedicated, conscientious, observant


Traits

Ability to give opinions and judgments ('How does life fit in with my values?'). They are loyal, committed and need to trust. Mission minded.


Typical Words and Phrases

  • "What value do you see in this?"
  • "In my opinion..."
  • "I believe we should..."
  • "It's important...that we..."
  • Respect, admiration, commitment, dedication, observation, tradition


How to communicate with a Persister (Base):

  • Requestive Channel: exchange of clear, crisp information or question/answer
  • Tone: monotonic, emotionless

Persister's attitude: Would you talk to me about my values and opinions?


How to do it - examples:

  • "In your opinion what is the best solution?"
  • "Do you believe this valuation is appropriate?"
  • "I trust you."

Part to use when addressing a Persister:

Computer: requesting, fact finding to support value system


Non-verbal signals:

Expressionless, erect posture, few gestures


Interaction / Environment:

Create one-on-one situations where they can focus on a task. Allow for democratic group processes, which encourage goal-oriented decision-making.



How to motivate a Persister (Phase):

  • Recognition of work: acknowledge hard work and commitment
  • Conviction: respect their beliefs, opinions or missions

Interaction / Environment:

Create one-on-one situations where they can focus on a task at hand. Allow for democratic group processes, which encourage goal-oriented decision-making.


Examples of Persister motivators:

  • Prioritising tasks and reaffirming value of accomplishments
  • Making agendas for meetings
  • Asking for their opinion in a meeting
  • Rewards for dedicated service
  • Being active in political/church/volunteer groups
  • Being a role model for children and in the community
  • Write letter to the editor/business article about some important issue


Driver:

You have to be perfect for me


When you see/hear a Persister:

  • focussing on what's wrong instead of what's right
  • asking complicated questions
  • using big words, over qualifying, over detailing in a question
  • with a stern, probing expression/piercing eyes

Typical phrase:

  • "What exactly is the problem around here?"

Use REQUESTIVE Channel and OPINIONS:

  • "Very important point. What is your opinion on this problem?"
  • "What do you believe we should do?"
  • "Can you tell me your priorities?"


Mask:

Attacker: I'm OK, you're not OK


When you see/hear a Persister Attacker mask:

  • crusading, being opinionated, showing righteous anger
  • verbally attacking others who don't believe the same / are not committed enough
  • becoming suspicious, developing conspiracy theories

Typical phrase:

  • "If you're not with me, you're against me."

Feed the need for RECOGNITION OF WORK and CONVICTION:

  • "I respect your point of view/opinion and I can see you have worked hard on this project."
  • "Your contribution is invaluable to the organisation."
  • "I appreciate you bringing this up. Your opinion is important to me."


Perception

  • Reflection. Externally motivated into action by clear directions

Character Strengths

  • Imaginative, reflective, calm

Traits

  • Ability to be introspective, visionary and imaginative. Respond to directions. Comfortable spending time alone. Skilled working with their hands.

Typical Words and Phrases

  • "Need to reflect..."
  • "Need my own space..."


How to communicate with an Imaginer (Base):

  • Directive Channel: give clear, unambiguous direction plus time frame
  • Tone: firm, non-critical

Imaginer's attitude: If you tell me what to do, I'll do it


How to do it - examples:

  • "Please have this report ready by 5 o'clock."
  • "Reflect on it and tell me what you've come up with at 9 o'clock tomorrow in my office."
  • "Write down three possible options before lunch."

Part used by Imaginers:

Computer: outside inputs inspire thoughts and trigger the imaginative process


Part to use when addressing an Imaginer:

Director: they wait for external stimuli in the form of directions (without talking down)


Non-verbal signals:

Smooth face, expressionless, erect posture, few gestures


Interaction / Environment:

Give clear, concise directions. Then leave them alone to absorb the information and execute the task.



How to motivate an Imaginer (Phase):

  • Solitude: give privacy and seclusion

Interaction / Environment:

Give clear, concise directions. Then leave them alone to absorb the information and execute the task.


Examples of Imaginer motivators:

  • 'Alone time' to be undisturbed (several times a day for a short period of time)
  • Reading (book, magazine, etc.)
  • Having their lunch break alone
  • Long walks alone
  • Solitary activities like gardening or handicrafts
  • Meditating
  • Turning phones off, shutting doors


Driver:

I have to be strong for you


When you see/hear Imaginers:

  • starting to withdraw
  • spreading themselves too thin

Typical phrase:

  • "It hurts", "It came to me"

Use DIRECTIVE Channel and INACTION/REFLECTION:

  • "Take five minutes to reflect on this problem and then tell me your solution."
  • "Have this procedure completed in half an hour. Thanks."
  • "Please tell me how you imagine the situation can be resolved."


Mask:

Drooper. I'm not OK, you're OK.


When you see/hear an Imaginer Drooper mask:

  • showing sustained withdrawal
  • pulling away
  • behaving like a victim
  • starting but not completing tasks
  • not asking for help

Typical phrase:

  • NOT communicating at all

Feed the need for SOLITUDE and give DIRECTION:

  • "Take your lunch, go outside and come back at 1 o'clock."
  • "Go home, work on your project on your own and send me daily progress reports."
  • "Redirect your phone for the next hour to my number."


Perception

Actions - externally motivated by experiencing situations and opportunities and making things happen


Character Strengths

Adaptable, persuasive, charming


Traits

Ability to be firm and direct; don't take things personally. Energetic, self-sufficient, streetwise. Good at getting things done, like excitement and instant gratification, learn by doing.


Typical Words and Phrases

  • "Enough talking, let's do something."
  • "Cut to the chase - tell me what to do."
  • "I got it; what's next?"
  • "Go for it!"
  • "Do it! Make it happen!"
  • "Bottom line..."


How to communicate with a Promoter (Base):

  • Directive Channel: give clear, unambiguous commands and instructions
  • Tone: monotonic, emotionless

Promoter's attitude: Give me something exciting to do and I'll do it


How to do it - examples:

  • "Buy 500 shares. Thanks."
  • "Sign on the dotted line."
  • "Find me a free slot please."

Part to use when addressing a Promoter:

Director: they wait for external stimuli in the form of directions


Non-verbal signals:

Smooth face, expressionless, erect posture, few gestures


Interaction / Environment:

Give clear, concise directions to execute a task. Let them interact with many different people. They are motivated by as much external input as possible in a short period of time.



How to motivate a Promoter (Phase):

  • Incidence: provide a lot of excitement in a short period of time
  • Action: activities with quick rewards, competition, challenge

Interaction / Environment:

Give clear, concise directions to execute a task. Let them interact with many different people, they are motivated by as much external input as possible in a short period of time.


Examples of Promoter motivators:

  • Getting involved in exciting projects with different interesting people
  • Healthy competitions, challenges
  • Getting a bonus/financial reward for closing a deal
  • Doing something adventurous: going bush, scuba diving, jet boating, white water rafting, bungee jumping, freestyle climbing, etc.
  • Driving fast cars or motorcycles
  • Racing, action sports (boxing)


Driver:

You have to be strong for me.


When you see/hear a Promoter:

  • not supporting others adequately
  • expecting others to fend for themselves
  • inviting others to believe they are not in charge of their thoughts and feelings ("What made you think...?")
  • using 'you' when 'I' would be appropriate
  • with a stone-faced, cold expression (poker face)

Typical phrase:

  • "You have make the employees think that they have some power so you can keep them happy."

Use DIRECTIVE Channel and ACTIONS:

  • "Tell me what you did yesterday."
  • "Take the lead in this project. Thanks."
  • "Go and close the deal."


Mask:

Blamer: I'm OK, you're not OK


When you see/hear a Promoter Blamer mask:

  • setting up arguments, manipulating, creating negative drama
  • bending rules or breaking bones
  • attempting to push others into corners

Typical phrase:

  • "I'm going to do it anyway. I'm too valuable to sack," or "Do you really have no idea what your boss is saying about you?"

Feed the need for INCIDENCE and ACTION:

  • "OK, let's get this baby off the ground. Your controls."
  • "Get this contract signed and you'll receive a fat bonus."
  • "I've got a challenging project here. I bet you're exactly the person who can manage it."


Perception

  • Reactions - respond to people and situations with likes and dislikes

Character Strengths

  • Creative, spontaneous, playful

Traits

  • Ability to live in, and enjoy, the present. Humorous, witty (without teasing), outspoken. Good at lateral thinking, creative problem solving. Learn by doing.

Typical Words and Phrases

  • "That's great/fantastic/boring/horrible!" (authentic positive and negative emotions)
  • "That's yummy/gross!" (likes and dislikes)
  • "I love this/I hate that!"
  • "I want to do it."
  • "Wow/cool/awesome" (slang, fun phrases)


How to communicate with a Rebel (Base):

  • Emotive Channel: offer an energising, spontaneous, non-teasing exchange to create fun and a non-threatening atmosphere
  • Tone: energetic, enthusiastic, playful

Rebel's attitude: Let's have some fun together!


How to do it - examples:

  • "Check out this new calculation thingy. It's absolutely fantastic!"
  • "Phew! I hate being stuck inside when the weather is so great!"
  • "You already got the new iPhone??? Shut the front door!"

Part to use when addressing a Rebel:

Emoter: playful, spontaneous child part to enjoy a jaunty conversation


Non-verbal signals:

Vibrant, energetic, twinkly, open expression. Relaxed, fluid, loose, elastic posture with animated gestures.


Interaction / Environment:

Use an upbeat, nondirective style and allow them to explore their own potential. Let them interact with many different people; they are motivated by external inputs and creative exchanges.



How to motivate a Rebel (Phase):

  • Contact: frequent interactions with others, like to be around animating, lively, fun people and things
  • Fun: enjoy humour and stimulating environments (lights, loud music, games, gadgets, etc.)

Interaction / Environment:

Use a non-directive style and allow them to explore their own potential. Let them interact with many different people; they are motivated by external inputs and creative exchanges.


Examples of Rebel motivators:

  • Getting in contact with new, fun people
  • Having creative, non-repetitive projects
  • Using breaks/lunch to have some fun with workmates
  • Kinaesthetic activities: play an instrument, team sports, dancing, horse riding
  • Learning new things by doing them
  • Having fun, enjoying life


Driver:

I have to try hard to be worthwhile.


When you see/hear a Rebel:

  • delegating inappropriately and without direction
  • trying hard to understand, but can't (inviting others to act or think for them)
  • showing agonised, pained or strained body language
  • using words of avoidance like "huh?/I can't/I don't know"
  • not answering questions

Typical phrase:

  • "Huh? I don't get it."

Use EMOTIVE Channel and REACTIONS:

  • "Whoa, don't shoot the messenger!"
  • "Far out! I know exactly what you mean!"
  • "Aw shucks, this stinks!"


Mask:

Blamer: I'm OK, you're not OK


When you see/hear a Rebel Blamer mask:

  • being negative and complaining ('Yes, but...')
  • blaming others but being blameless
  • being vengeful - you're supposed to make me feel good and you didn't, therefore I'll make you feel worse

Typical phrase:

  • "It wasn't me," or "If it weren't for this stupid traffic, I wouldn't be late."

Feed the need for CONTACT and FUN:

  • "Oh well, life's a bitch and then you die"
  • "Let's get our bums on that plane and have some fun with the on-board games."
  • Non-verbal communication like smiles, winks, comical expressions, pats or highfive, (non-teasing) laughs or grunts, etc.


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